- 01Sensibility, intuition, and sensation
- 02Phenomenon, matter, and form
- 03Pure intuition and transcendental æsthetic
- 01Transcendental aesthetic and pure intuition
- 02Metaphysical exposition of space
- 03Transcendental exposition of space
- 04Conclusions from the conception of space
- 01Metaphysical exposition of time
- 02Transcendental exposition of time
- 03Conclusions from the concept of time
- 04Elucidation of time's empirical reality
- 05Time as a form of internal sense
- 06Phenomena, space, and time as sources of knowledge
- 07Critique of absolute reality in space and time
- 01Space and time as the only pure forms of sensibility
- 02Sensibility as representation of phenomena
- 03Transcendental distinction versus logical confusion
- 04Geometry and the certainty of a priori intuition
- 05Idealism of space and time as forms of intuition
- 06Relations given by external and internal sense
- 07Self-consciousness and internal intuition
- 08Phenomena versus illusory appearance
- 01Phenomena and the limits of illusion
- 02Natural theology and sensuous intuition
- 03Conclusion of the Transcendental Æsthetic
- 01Sources of knowledge: sensibility and understanding
- 02General logic, pure logic, and applied logic
- 01Transcendental logic and pure thought
- 01Truth as correspondence and the limits of a universal criterion
- 02Logical form as the negative test of truth
- 03General logic as analytic
- 01Dialectic as a logic of illusion
- 02Transcendental analytic as logic of truth
- 01Transcendental dialectic as critique of illusion
- 02Transcendental analytic and pure concepts of understanding
- 01Transcendental philosophy and pure conceptions
- 02Logical use of the understanding in general
- 01Judgement as mediate cognition and function of unity
- 02Table of judgements by quantity, quality, relation, and modality
- 03Singular and infinite judgements
- 04Hypothetical and disjunctive relations
- 05Modality of judgements
- 01Synthesis and the pure conception of the understanding
- 02Table of the categories
- 03Systematic significance of the categories
- 04Category of community and disjunctive judgment
- 05The transcendental predicates of being
- 01Logical criteria of cognition: unity, truth, and completeness
- 02Transcendental deduction versus empirical deduction
- 03Why the categories require a transcendental deduction
- 01Objective validity of cause and effect
- 02Conditions for the transcendental deduction of the categories
- 03Locke and Hume on pure conceptions
- 01Categories as determinations of intuition
- 02Possibility of conjunction in intuition
- 01Conjunction and the higher ground of unity
- 02Originally synthetical unity of apperception
- 01The highest principle of understanding
- 01Objective unity of apperception
- 02Logical form of judgments and apperception
- 01Judgement as objective unity of apperception
- 02Sensuous intuitions subject to the categories
- 01Deduction of the pure conceptions of the understanding
- 02Cognition versus mere thought
- 03Categories and empirical experience
- 01Objective reality of the categories in phenomena
- 02Transcendental synthesis of imagination
- 03Internal sense, apperception, and self-appearance
- 01Self-consciousness and inner intuition
- 02Transcendental deduction of the categories
- 03Synthesis of apprehension and apperception
- 04Categories as laws of nature
- 01Result of the Deduction of the Conceptions of the Understanding
- 01Short view of the foregoing deduction
- 02Book II. Analytic of Principles
- 01Faculty of judgement as subsumption under rules
- 02Transcendental logic and the doctrine of principles
Critique of Pure Reason
Conditions and limits of human knowledge.
13Chapters
147Lessons
428Topics
Certificate of completion included
This course was produced by Cavua from a public-domain text.
Skills this course leaves you with.
- Explain Kant's account of the conditions and limits of human knowledge
- Distinguish between space and time as forms of intuition
- Analyze the role of categories and the transcendental deduction in experience
- Interpret the Analytic of Principles, including the schematism and synthetic principles
- Differentiate phenomena from noumena and assess the critique of rational metaphysics
- Evaluate Kant's treatment of idealism, causality, and reflective concepts
Curriculum
The full table of contents.
Every chapter, every lesson, every topic — laid out before you enroll. Click any chapter to expand it.
- Chapters
- 13
- Lessons
- 147
- Topics
- 428
- 01Need for a transcendental schema
- 02Schematism of the pure understanding
- 03Schemata of the categories
- 01Categories without schemata
- 02System of all Principles of the Pure Understanding
- 03Proof and scope of a priori principles
- 01Principle of contradiction as criterion of truth
- 02Limits of the principle for synthetic judgments
- 03Temporal formulation of contradiction
- 01Analytical and synthetical judgement
- 02Objective reality and possible experience
- 01Systematic representation of the pure understanding's principles
- 02Mathematical and dynamical principles
- 01Axioms of intuition: all intuitions as extensive quantities
- 01Mathematical propositions and numerical formulae
- 02Objective validity of pure mathematics for phenomena
- 03Anticipations of Perception: intensive quantity
- 01Perception, sensation, and intensive quantity
- 02Continuity of phenomena and change
- 03Anticipation of perception and empty space
- 04Degrees of reality and the question of sensation
- 01Degrees of sensation and intensive quantity
- 02Principle of the Analogies of Experience
- 03Constitutive mathematical principles and regulative analogies
- 01Regulative use of the analogies of experience
- 02Principle of the Permanence of Substance
- 01Permanence of substance in experience
- 02Accidents, inherence, and subsistence
- 01Permanence and change in phenomena
- 02Proof of the Second Analogy: causality and succession
- 03Objective succession and causal rule
- 04Experience of events and objective time-order
- 01Causality as the condition of experience
- 02Simultaneous cause and effect
- 03Action, force, and substance
- 04Change of state and continuity
- 01Continuous progression in time
- 02Principle of coexistence through reciprocity
- 03Three analogies of experience and their proof
- 01Community as the ground of coexistence
- 02The postulates of empirical thought
- 01Objective reality of synthetic conceptions
- 02Possibility of things through a priori conceptions
- 03Reality, perception, and existence
- 01Material idealism and its forms
- 02Proof from self-consciousness to external objects
- 03Remarks on internal and external experience
- 01Necessity in existence and causal law
- 02Possibility, reality, and the limits of experience
- 03Why modality principles are postulates
- 01Postulates of mathematics and modality
- 02Categories require intuition for objective reality
- 03Synthetic propositions cannot be proved from mere conceptions
- 01Contingency, change, and causality
- 02External intuition and the objective reality of the categories
- 01External intuition and the categories
- 02The island of truth and the ocean of illusion
- 03Empirical use and objective validity of concepts
- 04Limits of the pure understanding
- 05Thought, intuition, and schema
- 01Merely transcendental use of the categories
- 01Negative and positive noumena
- 02Noumenon as a limitative conception
- 03Transcendental use of the categories
- 01Transcendental reflection and comparison
- 01Identity and Difference
- 02Agreement and Opposition
- 03The Internal and External
- 01Matter and form in transcendental reflection
- 02Transcendental topic and the amphiboly of reflection
- 03Leibnitz’s intellectualism and its consequences
- 04Leibnitzian monadology and internal representation
- 05Predetermined harmony and the community of substances
- 06Leibnitz’s doctrine of space and time
- 01Matter as phenomenon and the limits of pure understanding
- 02Utility of the critique of mere reflection
- 03Logical comparison of conceptions and transcendental application
- 01Leibniz’s misuse of reflection concepts
- 02Identity of indiscernibles and spatial distinction
- 01Phenomena as mere relations
- 01Intelligible objects and noumena
- 01Understanding limits sensibility and the noumenon
- 01The conception of nothing
- 01Transcendental illusory appearance and error
- 02Immanent and transcendent principles
- 03Natural persistence of transcendental illusion
- 01Pure reason and transcendental illusion
- 02Reason as the faculty of principles
- 03Logical use of reason in syllogism
- 01Immediate and mediate conclusions
- 02Syllogistic forms and the unity of principles
- 03The pure use of reason
- 01Pure reason and the unconditioned
- 02Transcendental dialectic and rational conceptions
- 01Ideas as a distinct term of pure reason
- 01Graduated kinds of representation
- 02Origin of transcendental ideas from syllogisms
- 03Absolute totality and the unconditioned
- 04Meaning and scope of transcendental ideas
- 05Practical ideas as indispensable rules
- 06Transcendental ideas as guides for understanding
- 07Reason as the faculty of conclusion
- 01Ascending and descending series of syllogisms
- 02System of Transcendental Ideas
- 01Three classes of transcendental ideas
- 01Absolute totality of conditions
- 02Systematic unity of transcendental ideas
- 03Metaphysics and the three grand ideas
- 01Transcendental paralogism, antinomy, and ideal
- 02Rational psychology and the proposition “I think”
- 01Rational psychology and the soul's predicates
- 02The transcendental subject and the four paralogisms
- 03The paralogism that infers substance from thought
- 01Mendelssohn’s proof from simple existence
- 02Degrees of consciousness and remissio
- 03Counter-possibilities of division and coalition
- 04Idealism and the rationalist system
- 01Limits of rational psychology and the soul
- 02Practical grounds for a future life
- 03Dialectical illusion in the psychological paralogism
- 01Community of soul and body
- 02Empirical meaning of the proposition “I think”
- 03Limits of rational psychology and practical self-determination
- 04Transition to the antinomy of pure reason
- 01Cosmological antinomy and method
- 02System of cosmological ideas
- 03Regressive synthesis and the unconditioned
- 04Infinite regress and first condition
- 05World and nature as totalities
- 01Nature as formal and material concept
- 02Cosmological ideas and transcendent conceptions
- 03Antithetic of Pure Reason
- 04Dialectical propositions and the sceptical method
- 01Transcendental reason and the antinomies
- 02First conflict of the transcendental ideas: thesis
- 03First conflict of the transcendental ideas: antithesis
- 01World without beginning in time
- 02World without limit in space
- 03Remarks on the thesis proof
- 01Infinity and the impossibility of completed synthesis
- 02Reply to the antithesis: void space and void time
- 01Empty space within the world and the mundus intelligibilis
- 02Thesis: composite substances consist of simple parts
- 03Antithesis: no composite thing consists of simple parts
- 01Proof of the antithesis: no simple parts in phenomena
- 02Observations on the thesis: substance, space, and monads
- 03Defense of the antithesis against Monadists
- 01Absolute simplicity of substance
- 02Third Conflict of the Transcendental Ideas: Thesis
- 03Third Conflict of the Transcendental Ideas: Antithesis
- 01Freedom as transcendental spontaneity
- 02Free causality as an absolutely primal beginning
- 03Philosophical need for a prime mover
- 01Physiocracy and the denial of freedom
- 02Fourth Conflict of the Transcendental Ideas: Thesis and proof
- 03Antithesis and observations on the fourth antinomy
- 01Cosmological proof and the necessary being
- 02Illicit salto from empirical contingency to the pure category
- 03Why change does not prove contingency
- 01Cosmological objections to a necessary being
- 02Reason’s self-contradiction in the antinomy
- 03Interest of reason in self-contradictions
- 01Reason’s interest in the cosmological antinomies
- 02Dogmatism of pure reason
- 03Empiricism and the speculative interests of reason
- 04Empiricism, Platonism, and the practical interest of reason
- 05Why empiricism is unpopular
- 06Architectonic unity and the thesis of freedom
- 01Transcendental philosophy and the demand for answers
- 02Cosmological ideas and the limits of experience
- 03Critical solution of reason’s cosmological questions
- 01Critical solution versus dogmatic solution
- 02Sceptical treatment of cosmological ideas
- 03The four antinomies of cosmology
- 01Empirical experience as the standard of reality
- 02Transcendental idealism and phenomena in space and time
- 03Empirical truth, perception, and the transcendental object
- 01Empirical regress and possible experience
- 02Dialectical fallacy in the cosmological syllogism
- 03Dialectical opposition of world-claims
- 01Transcendental ideality and the antinomy
- 02Regulative principle of pure reason
- 03Progressus in infinitum and progressus in indefinitum
- 01Regulative use of reason in empirical regress
- 02Solution of the cosmological quantity of the universe
- 01Totality of division in intuition
- 01Infinite divisibility and organized bodies
- 02Mathematical antinomies and homogeneous series
- 03Dynamical ideas and heterogeneous conditions
- 01Freedom and natural causality
- 02Intelligible cause and empirical effects
- 01Intelligible causality and empirical character
- 01Empirical and intelligible character of action
- 02Natural necessity and the possibility of freedom
- 03Human reason, duty, and moral causality
- 04Empirical character of reason and human volition
- 05Freedom of reason beyond time and natural causation
- 06Moral blame and the falsehood example
- 01Freedom and natural necessity in the same action
- 02Solution of the cosmological idea of necessary being
- 01Empirical limits and the intelligible ground
- 01Transcendent ideas and the necessary being
- 02Idea and ideal in pure reason
- 03Practical ideals and the imagination
- 01Principle of complete determination
- 02Transcendental ideal as ens realissimum
- 03Primal being and transcendental theology
- 01Empirical illusion and the ens realissimum
- 02Reason’s search for an absolutely necessary being
- 03The Supreme Being as complete reality
- 04Limits of the argument and practical weight
- 01Three speculative proofs of God
- 02Critique of the ontological proof
- 03Being as a non-predicate
- 04Existence and the hundred dollars example
- 05Why existence cannot be added to a conception
- 01Existence cannot be inferred from pure concepts
- 02Limits of the ontological argument
- 03The cosmological proof and the ens realissimum
- 01Cosmological proof from contingent existence
- 02Ontological basis of the ens realissimum
- 03Dialectical fallacies in the proof
- 04Limits of the necessary being hypothesis
- 05Awe before unconditioned necessity
- 06Why the ideal of pure reason is not inscrutable
- 01Dialectical illusion in transcendental arguments
- 02Regulative use of necessity and contingency
- 03Matter, empirical unity, and the necessary being
- 01Impossibility of a physico-theological proof
- 01Kinds of rational theology: deism, theism, cosmotheology, ontotheology
- 02Theoretical and practical cognition; postulation and speculation
- 03Why speculative reason cannot prove a Supreme Being
- 04Negative use of transcendental theology
- 01Regulative employment of transcendental ideas
- 01Demonstrative and hypothetical employment of reason
- 02Systematic unity as a regulative principle
- 03Example of fundamental powers in nature
- 04Transcendental claim of objective necessity
- 01Logical principle of genera and natural unity
- 02Principle of species and continued specification
- 01Law of specification and systematic unity
- 01Empirical extension of systematic unity
- 02Regulative principles as maxims of reason
- 01Affinity, continuity, and systematic unity
- 02Ultimate end of the natural dialectic of human reason
- 01Transcendental deduction of speculative ideas
- 02Regulative use of psychological, cosmological, and theological ideas
- 03Comparative reality of ideal beings
- 01Relative and absolute supposition
- 02Systematic unity and the supreme being
- 01Regulative use of the idea of a supreme being
- 02Result of transcendental dialectic: reason as a system
- 03The idea of an ens rationis as problematical ground
- 01The ego as a regulative idea
- 01Regulative use of the cosmological ideas
- 02Idea of God as a regulative hypothesis
- 03Teleological unity and supreme intelligence
- 01Regulative use of the idea of a supreme intelligence
- 02Errors from treating reason's idea as constitutive
- 01Dogmatizing spiritualism and physico-theology
- 02The regulative use of systematic unity in experience
- 03The second error: perverted reason
- 01Perverting the regulative principle into a constitutive one
- 01Transcendental theology and the regulative use of reason
- 01Regulative use of the idea of a supreme intelligence
- 01Regulative use of the idea of a supreme author
- 02Limits of speculative reason and possible experience
- 03Dialectical illusions and the critique of transcendent reason
- 01Transcendental doctrine of method
- 02Negative judgements and discipline
- 03Reason's need for transcendental discipline
- 01Method of pure reason versus content
- 02Mathematical construction and philosophical conceptions
- 03Discursive and intuitive cognition
- 04Transcendental propositions and empirical synthesis
- 05Philosophical and mathematical reason
- 01Mathematical method and philosophy
- 02Definitions and empirical concepts
- 01Empirical, a priori, and arbitrary conceptions
- 02Mathematical and philosophical definitions
- 03Requirements of a definition
- 01Definitions in philosophy and mathematics
- 02Axioms as immediate synthetic principles
- 01Demonstrations and apodeictic proof
- 02Dogmata, mathemata, and philosophical method
- 01Criticism and the polemic of pure reason
- 02Limits of antithetic disputes in theology and psychology
- 03Freedom of reason and examples from Hume and Priestley
- 01Freedom of speculative debate
- 02Honesty in speculative controversy
- 03No polemic of pure reason
- 04Critique as tribunal of reason
- 05Why youth should not be shielded from objections
- 06Critical training in pure reason
- 07No proper polemic in pure reason
- 08Scepticism as a means of criticism
- 01Scepticism as a temporary resting place
- 02Criticism versus dogmatism in reason
- 01Scepticism against dogmatism
- 02Hume on synthetic a priori judgments
- 03Limits of understanding and reason
- 01Limits of hypothesis in pure reason
- 02Sufficiency and auxiliary hypotheses
- 03Hypotheses in polemic and practical reason
- 04Hypotheses as weapons of self-defence
- 05Transcendental hypotheses about soul and life
- 01Hypothetical defences against transcendent objections
- 02Transcendental proofs and the need for prior validation
- 03Paralogism in the proof of the soul's simplicity
- 01First rule: source of principles for transcendental proof
- 02Second rule: one ground of proof
- 03Third rule: direct proof over apagogic proof
- 01Limits of speculative reason and the need for discipline
- 02Practical reason as the path to positive cognition
- 01Speculative reason and the need for a canon
- 02Ultimate end of pure reason in practical use
- 03Freedom, happiness, and moral laws
- 01Practical freedom and practical laws
- 02The three questions of pure reason
- 03Happiness, prudential rules, and moral law
- 01Moral world and practical reason
- 02Supreme Good, God, and future life
- 03Kingdom of grace and moral maxims
- 04Complete good and moral theology
- 05Moral world as intelligible realm of freedom
- 06Teleological unity of nature and theology
- 07Practical reason as the source of divine conception
- 01Moral theology as immanent use
- 02Conviction, persuasion, and the grades of holding true
- 03Pragmatical, doctrinal, and moral belief
- 04Moral certainty and belief in God and a future life
- 05Negative belief and restraint on evil dispositions
- 06Limits of philosophy and common understanding
- 01Architectonic unity of science
- 02Historical and rational cognition
- 03Philosophy as scholastic and cosmical conception
- 04Moral philosophy as the ultimate end
- 05Nature, freedom, and the division of philosophy
- 06Pure philosophy and metaphysic
- 07The need to distinguish kinds of cognition
- 01Limits of first principles and mathematics
- 02Metaphysic as systematic pure a priori cognition
- 03Transcendental philosophy and physiology of pure reason
- 01Immanent and transcendent physiology
- 02Fourfold system of metaphysics
- 03Architectonic division of pure reason
- 04A priori cognition from experience
- 01Empirical psychology as an appendix to metaphysics
- 02Metaphysics as a bulwark of religion and philosophy
- 01Metaphysics as the completion of reason's culture
- 02Three historical revolutions in metaphysics
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